Costa Coffee - 4336 Words

1 The Marketing Profession Coursework Header Sheet 191290-15 Course Coursework Tutor MARK1105: The Marketing Profession Group Work R Lewis Course School/Level Assessment Weight Submission Deadline BU/UG 30.00% 28/03/2012 Coursework is receipted on the understanding that it is the students own work and that it has not, in whole or part, been presented elsewhere for assessment. Where material has been used from other sources it has been properly acknowledged in accordance with the Universitys Regulations regarding Cheating and Plagiarism. 000615153 000668250 000675498 000668575 Tutors comments Sundus Aden Fatme Bostandzhieva Antoaneta Yordanova Elena Docheva Grade Awarded___________†¦show more content†¦That is why Costa Coffee is determined as a main competitor of BESO. 4 5 The Marketing Profession 4. SWOT and PEST analysis 4.1. SWOT analysis Strengths †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Efficient and trained staff Customer loyalty Brand recognition High quality coffee Friendly and relaxing atmosphere for our customers. Weaknesses †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Limited number of outlets Low levels of advertisement Interior design needs updating More range of the types of coffee available. Continual change in consumer taste Can be seen as an unhealthy product Opportunities †¢ Based in Central London which covers a large demographic of customers Olympics 2012 will bring in more sales Introduction of new products including healthy options. Retailing mugs and coffee equipment Threats †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Customers demanding fair-trade and organic coffee. Big chain coffee shops dominating the market. Economic issues and crisis Lack of ownership of primary resources e.g. Coffee farming. †¢ †¢ †¢ 4.2. PEST analysis There are many different Political, Economic, Social and Technological issues that both our company and also Costa Coffee face within the coffee industry. Firstly, the first political issue to consider is that majority of coffee beans are brought and made in developing countries, so companies need to ensure that their coffee is made by fair-trade dealers and they need to consider the ethical conditions of the labor used. Another political issue includesShow MoreRelatedCosta Coffee1043 Words   |  5 Pages------------------------------------------------- Costa Coffee The Handcrafted Taste External Environmental Factors April 14, 2011 Team Members: Alaa Korayem | 7100112 | Mohamad Shafshak | 7102413 | Mourad El-Kerdany | 7100053 | Nada Shalash | 7100835 | Remote Environment The remote environment comprises factors that originate beyond and usually irrespective and out of Costa Coffee s control. Economic factors Since Costa Coffee is a multinational business, top-level managersRead MoreCosta Coffee1235 Words   |  5 PagesCosta Coffee Costa Coffee was founded by Italian brother Bruno and Sergio Costa in Lambeth, London in 1971. Then in 1995, Costa was sold to Whitbread Company as its subsidiary. During the period of global economic recession, 2009, Costa achieved a remarkable level with 60% profit increased and 23% revenue increased1. Moreover, as the largest coffee chain in UK, Costa paid  £36m for the acquisition of ‘Coffeeheaven’ at the end of 2009. So far, Costa Coffee operates in 28 countries with the totalRead MoreCase Study : Costa Coffee, Berger King1604 Words   |  7 Pages2013-2014. Costa Coffee, Berger King (through Tim Horton’s) are also competing with the same industry. The remaining competitor’s in terms of core customers are independent coffee shops or small chain shops scattered around the world. Starbucks has been involving in a number of corporate responsibility initiatives including ethical sourcing with the aim to ensure a long-term supply of high-quality coffee for their customers and positively affect the lives and livelihoods of coffee farmers and theirRead MoreReport for the Promotional Plan of Hot and Chocolate Tea/Coffee of Costa Coffee2457 Words   |  10 PagesREPORT FOR THE PROMOTIONAL PLAN OF HOT AND CHOCOLATE TEA/COFFEE OF COSTA COFFEE MODULE NAME : MANAGING FINANCE AND MARKETING IN BUSINESS MODULE CODE : TH600B1E SUBMITTED TO : O’HALLERAN ERIC, LONGART PEDRO SUBMITTED BY : RATHEESH VISWANATHAN – 21208850 RESHMI PRABHAKARAN USHA DEVI – 21205617 SUKHWANT KAUR MANN - 21207381 Read MoreEssay about Costa Coffee Marketing Plan4148 Words   |  17 PagesCosta Coffee Marketing Plan 1. Company Name COSTA Coffee Part of Whitbread Plc is the UK’s leading Hospitality Company with franchises all over the world. The business encompasses hotels, restaurants (inclusive of household names like Taybarns, Premier Inn and COSTA Coffee), Health Fitness clubs along with other businesses. 2. Company Mission Statement Mission: â€Å"To serve the best coffee in the true Italian style† Vision: Our vision is to be the best hospitalityRead MoreCosta Coffee Article881 Words   |  4 PagesSTUDY: COSTA EXPRESS The brief Millions depend on the hot jolt of java a perfect elixir to jumpstart their day. Coffee now an essential part of the busy fast life helps to keep us functioning and match the pace. In this age of quick fixes, a perfect flavorsome cup of coffee also will no longer need waiting. Costa Coffee plans to introduce ‘coffee on the go’. Whitbread the parent company for Costa has acquired self-service coffee chain Coffee Nation and plans to launch a new brand, Costa ExpressRead MoreCosta Coffee Analysis2857 Words   |  12 PagesINTRODUCTION In the last five years, the coffee brewing industry has seen so much activity in terms of massive changes in the landscape of coffee brewing companies. These changes range from mergers and acquisitions to changing consumer tastes and finally, to different branding strategies. These activities are expected to continue over the course of the next ten years. Costa Coffee is one of the leading companies in UKs coffee brewing industry in terms of the volume of sales and profitabilityRead MoreImprovement Strategies for Costa Coffee4577 Words   |  18 Pagesorganizations have also changed so as to meet with the expectations of the customers. This study focuses on the case of Costa Coffee Shops. The UK coffee shop sector is growing rapidly so the competition has become very tough. Therefore, it is important for the Costa to develop new strategies and focus on how to maintain its position in the market. There are many entrants in the coffee shop sector that are also threatening the current shops. Since, it is easier to attract new customers towards yourRead MoreMarketing Strategy of Costa Coffee3981 Words   |  16 Pagesorganization. 2 Marketing orientation of Costa coffee 2 Defination: 2 Principles of marketing 3 Assessment on the benefits of marketing orientation for Costa coffee 3 Understanding customers’ needs and wants: 4 Communicating effectively with customers’: 5 Keeping ahead of compitition: 5 Utilizing new technology: 6 Base of segmenting a market: 7 Geographical segmentation: 7 Demographic Segmentation 7 Psychographic Segmentation 8 Benefits sought Segmentation 8 Costa coffee’s market segmentation forRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Costa Coffee703 Words   |  3 Pages Costa Coffee Costa coffee is a multinational company which was founded in 1971 by Costa brothers in London with the headquarter in Dunstable, Bedfordshire. In the beginning Costa Coffee was a wholesale operation supplying roasted coffee to caterers and specialist Italian coffee shops. Costa Coffee have 3401 stores across 31 countries, is the second largest coffeehouse chain in the world behind Starbucks and the largest in UK. The biggest competitor of Costa Coffee ( £153 million) is Starbucks

I Listened On The Mirror - 1323 Words

I looked in the mirror. Rowan James, Rowan James, Rowan James. I practiced my new name in my head, thinking hard. My parents were out of the house for the day, off to a play in town which I wasn t allowed to attend. I was left alone with my thoughts and the servants, though they ignored me. The young man in the mirror had shoulder length black hair and olive skin, a large bruise on his jaw and more on his wrists. I swallowed. Rowan James. I whispered, the corner of my mouth upturned. It was funny the effect a new name could have on a person. For me, I felt invincible, like I could leave this dump of a family and do something for myself. With a new name, I could be anything. At scarcely 15, most people didn t know I existed. It would†¦show more content†¦The lock clicked, and the small door opened easily. Inside was a large stack of crisp hundred- dollar bills, bound by a paperclip. I slipped out a few and put the rest back. They would not be missed. I reeked as much havoc as I could, shuffling carefully stacked files, hiding the bills and stealing the unread mail. Before I left, I wrote a message on the wall in black ink. 1-11-0. Then I smashed the jar of ink on the carpet and fled hastily back to my room, locking the door behind me. I took the trunk from under my bed and looked around. This was it. I was finally leaving. I grabbed a worn leather jacket from my closet, holding it to my face to sm ell. Yes, I could still smell Jordan on it, of woodsmoke and pine, of the forest where he spent his free time. Jordan was like a migraine. It was always there, just came back like shards of glass and pierced your mind at the most inconvenient of times. If Jordan was a migraine, he was the most beautiful one I d ever experienced. Pulling his jacket away, I cursed myself for getting wrapped up in sentiments. I slipped it on and grabbed the trunk again. I was ready. I climbed out the window and onto the balcony. Our house was huge, a mansion, you might say. There was a sloping roof under the balcony, and I climbed tediously onto it, my feet slipping on the shingles. I inched my way down to the edge of the roof. Then I jumped into the manicured hedge below. I suppose I should have givenShow MoreRelatedA Man Who Is Admired For Great Or Brave Acts Or Fine Qualities966 Words   |  4 Pagesthat is an example of heroism. The man I’m about to talk about saved me. Not in the way a fir efighter saves a person who is stuck, but similar. A firefighter saved a person stuck in a building ablaze, and The Weeknd, A.K.A. Abel Tesfaye, saved my life. I admire this man for overcoming his problems and still staying true to himself as he rises to unfathomable fame. Abel Tesfaye dropped out of high school with his best friend, La Mar Taylor, and Hyghly Alleyne at age 17. They drove to Abel’s mother’s houseRead More Personal Narrative: A Personal Essay1314 Words   |  6 Pagesmouth,† is the sentence I wrote on paper eighteen years ago. It was my first day of an expository writing class and I was a freshman in college. Assorted objects were placed in the center of a table, around which twenty students and I sat around. Professor H asked us to describe the objects. What I saw was a seashell, a piece of driftwood and a black and white framed photo of an old man and a silver pocket watch. I wanted to sketch the still life in opposition to writing. I looked around me and observedRead MoreEngstrom Auto Mirror Plant : Motivating942 Words   |  4 Pagesmilestone is to analyze the case study entitled â€Å"Engstrom Auto Mirror Plant: Motivating in Good Times and Bad†. Throughout the case study numerous known organizational i ssues were presented. Human behavior theories are connected with reasonably information to explain the numerous root causes related to the issues from a human conduct point of view. By investigating these causes I will acknowledge the breakdown with tenacious research proof. I went into depth with my examination of three noteworthy issuesRead MoreThe Sound Of Rushing Water1570 Words   |  7 Pageshim off guard, loud and insistent and intrusive. He frowned, looking at his grisled visage in the mirror and wondered just how he got here. Not here, as in this point in his life, but the bathroom. He didn t remember getting up out of bed, putting on clothes, any of it. Yet here he stood, clad in long flannel pants and a white undershirt that had perhaps seen too many sunrises, gazing at himself. I was dreaming again, he recalled as he watched the steam rise from the collecting water in his sinkRead MoreThe Man Who Was, Ernest Girroir1102 Words   |  5 Pagesthan the living man.   ~Antoine de Saint-Exupery In February 2007, I began to work at Law Firm. We handled personal injury, medical malpractice and wrongful death suits. I started off doing all the generic boring day to day secretarial work; Filing, answering phones, scheduling appointments etc. I had been working there for nearly two years when I received the phone call that would stay with me forever. This is the story of how I came to know the man who was, Ernest Girroir. On November 28, 2008Read More Concert Report Essay1084 Words   |  5 Pages CONCERT REPORT #1 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;I chose to do my first concert report on Pearl Jam. The concert took place at Deer Creek the weekend after class started, so it was perfect timing to do this assignment. This was the first time I have seen Pearl, and I thought it was worthy of writing a report on. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;If one has ever been a fan of Pearl Jam, they of course know that Eddie Vedder is the lead singer, and right beside him with his wicked lead guitar playingRead MoreDescribing a Museum in Copenhagen Essay575 Words   |  3 Pagesunaware. I was walking down Oakenmere Road when the clouds started to build. I looked around as I huddled under a large, dead oak tree. Almost all of the houses on this abandoned street were too badly damaged for me to take shelter in, except for one. The house loomed impressive and morbid in the greenish-black sky. A flash of lightning briefly illuminated the house. The windows were broken, but the superstructure seemed sound. I was becoming soaked as I ponderedRead MoreThe Perception Of Ourselves Much Of The Time Is Derived946 Words   |  4 Pagesthe firing of neurons. Religiously one’s self is a soul that is within the body. As I listened to this broadcast uncertainty filled these responses into a vague idea The mirror test derives from Steven Johnson’s mentor Gordon Gallop who questioned the ability of animals to recognize themselves. He tested his hypothesis with an experiment placing a red mark on a chimp and then placed the chimp in front of a mirror. If self-awareness was present, the animal would recognize its own reflection. AfterRead MoreZumb A Latin American Exercise1246 Words   |  5 PagesZumba, I decided to try Zumba and see if I would receive a successful workout. Prior to attending Zumba I did not know what to expect. I wasn’t sure what type of shoes to wear, or if I was supposed to stretch before attending class, or if the class was going to stretch as a whole. I decided to play it safe and stretch a little before attending. I knew I should bring a water bottle because hydration is important. I felt a little hungry before going, but I did not want to eat too much because I did notRead MoreCarl Rogers Reflection Paper638 Words   |  3 PagesReflection Paper Upon viewing the video recording of Carl Rogers’s conversation with Gloria I was able to observe an extraordinary demonstration of Client-Centered Therapy. The tape provided me with excellent examples of many important traits of a Client-Centered Therapist. These included: allowing the client to find their own internal conclusions, the high use of reflection of content and emotion, the therapist becoming transparent and genuine with the client, and the therapist showing unconditional

Indigenous and Cultural Psychology

Question: Give the literature review on indigenous and cultural psychology? Answer: Introduction Often it is discussed that boys are better at mathematics and girls are better at language. This, particular statement has been one of the most researched subject to understand the gender differences in the verbal ability or mathematics performance (Hyde Linn, 1988, p. 53). In context of applied psychology, it is an interesting field to analyse and derive understanding. Purpose of this literature reviews is to critically examine the journals and white-papers on the concept of gender differences and similarities in context of applied psychology. Applied psychology Applied psychology is a field which is based upon usage of psychological principles and theories in order to resolve problems in real life scenarios. There are several areas such as business management, education, health, organisational psychology and law etc. which are influenced by concepts of applied psychology. Historically, Hugo Munsterberg is considered to be one of the pioneers in the field of applied psychology. Applied psychology got a major push in 1920 when IAAP (International Association of Applied Psychology) was founded. In this regard, use of applied psychology to understand the difference in the though process of males and females is an interesting scenario. For example, researchers have time and again tried to prove that male thought process is relatively more quantified in nature, that is why they are good in fields like mathematics, or they become a good scientist. Similarly, females are considered to be good in fields like language and it has been observed that there are fewer female scientist as compared to their male counterpart. Literature review Indigenous and cultural psychology Based on the work by Hyde, Fennema Lamon (1990, pp. 139-155) Gender differences in mathematics performance: a meta-analysis. An effort towards a refined assessment was made in this field. In order to understand the magnitude of the gender differences in mathematics performance, authors did a meta-analysis of 100 studies, as a result of this empirical analysis, the core finding was that there is hardly any differences in the mathematics performance of a male as compared to female. As a result of which, concept of cultural psychology can be also be investigated (Hyde et al, 1990, p. 139). Considering the fact that there is hardly any difference in the mathematical aptitude of male and female, then important question which arise is, that is this situation prominent due to the concept of cultural psychology? As a field cultural psychology is the study of how cultural behaviour are rooted and embodied in culture. Historically, females have been focused more on fields like language etc. w hereas males have remain dominant in the field of mathematics and science. It is more of a cultural phenomenon rather than anything to do with thought process of male and female. In fact, today females are also present in the field of science and mathematics, even though their participation might be low mainly because of their interests in other fields. Work by Hyde Linn (1988, pp. 53-69) Gender differences in verbal ability: A meta-analysis. Clearly indicates towards this aspect of cultural psychology. This work, clearly indicates that the difference between males and females on the concept of their participation in fields of mathematics and language respectively, there is hardly any role of gender in it. The study highlights the fact, that this difference can be attributed to the cultural or behavioral psychology which has been existing since ancient time. As a result of psychology, females have always been perceived to be excellent for soft fields such as arts, languages etc. on other hand, males have always been positioned as the one who can perform better in fields like science and mathematics. Due to this psychology, the trend has continued for so long, that literally field of science and mathematics today is dominated by males, which does not means that there are no females present in these fields. However their presence is relatively low as compared to their male counterpart, resulting into creation of a perception where it is believed that males are better in mathematics and females are better in arts and language (Hyde, 2005). Argument evaluation In the work related to analyses of gender differences there has been constant focus on traditional reviews of physiological gender differences, which used methods of narrative reviews. Which meant, that the reviewer collated as many as possible studies on gender differences, and then interpreted and provided their own findings based on the collected studies. However, such approach was unsystematic, and had several flaws in it. As a result of which authors in contemporary times, have been focusing on relatively more comprehensive and qualitative studies on this subject. Hence, methods such as the sample of studies, coding of studies, cognitive process analysis and understanding the statistical trends have become more relevant in understanding this subject (Haslam et al, 2009). However, based on the study conducted, and empirical evidence collected authors such as Hyde Linn in their work on Gender differences in verbal ability; A meta-analysis concluded that the magnitude of the gender differences in verbal ability is currently so less, that it can be actually considered as 0. In fact, based on the literatures analysed, it will be not wrong to say that there is hardly any difference in the capabilities of male and female in different types of verbal abilities such as vocabulary, comprehension reading, and analogies. Similar is the case in field of mathematics and science as well. Dominance of the males in this field has nothing to do with their mental power or capability, females which were analysed are equally capable of excelling in these fields. However to a large extent due to a cultural or social psychology, females have always been considered more active in fields like language and arts, which has resulted into creation of a perception. As a result o f this perception, since childhood itself, females are groomed in such a manner, that their mindset remains inclined towards fields of art and literature as compared to their male counterparts. It clearly indicates the cultural psychology behind this particular trend, and should not be seen as a brain capability of two genders. In this context of gender difference in the fields of mathematics and verbal skills, it is also important to understand that, what exactly is the road ahead, i.e. are we still going to stick with the old model of intellect which is loosely based on only three categories of cognitive abilities, namely mathematical ability, verbal ability and spatial ability. Understanding gender differences in the field of learning on the basis of these three fields only does not makes much sense in contemporary times. That is why, researchers should come up with statistical models, which are more refined in nature, and does not depends solely on these three categories itself. It is also important to understand that how this trend came into existence? Based on the literature review of the journals and white-papers analysed, it can be said that this trend is mainly influenced by the social as well as cultural environment in which a child lives today. One simple example in this regard is that, since their childhood, boys are given with toys and objects to tinker upon such as building blocks etc. On other hand, girls are provided with the toys like Barbie doll etc. Somewhere it can be said that this social environment nurtures and shapes the mind of male and female accordingly, where male is dominant in field of science and research, whereas females are dominant in fields of art and language (Cascio, 1987). If the cultural psychology is changes, and females are motivated to join these fields, then this trend of ratio inequality can be reversed easily. Applied psychology as a field has can be extremely helpful in understanding such situations where there is no specific answer or solution to a subject. Similarly, irrespective of the fact that how many researches and studies are conducted on this aspect of gender difference in fields like mathematics and language, it will always be difficult to come up with a specific finding as a solution for this subject. Conclusion Based on the literature review conducted on the selected subject, it can be said that there is no specific evidence found which can directly indicate that the gender difference in the field of mathematics and language has anything to do with physical or mental capability of male or females. However, one important aspect which comes out of this review is the impact of cultural or social psychology on this subject. Rather than finding for any empirical solution, one thing related to this subject can be definitely understood, and that is impact of social or cultural psychology. For better understanding example of boys and girls have been given in above section. It can be surely said that it is more of a cultural upbringing which impacts the psychology of an individual. If since beginning a girl is provided with toys such as building blocks, chemistry lab sets etc. then accordingly mind frame of that kid will develop towards a scientific field. Hence gender differences in these fields ar e more dependent on the cultural environment as compared to any sort of physical capabilities. References Ahmadi, E., Yosefyan, H., Nejat, A. S., Tajik, Z. T. (2015). Explanation and review of Adlers Paidia Program. Applied Psychology, 3(12), 20-26. Cascio, W. F. (1987). Applied psychology in personnel management. Donaldson, S. I., Csikszentmihalyi, M., Nakamura, J. (Eds.). (2011). Applied positive psychology: Improving everyday life, health, schools, work, and society. Routledge. Driskell, J. E., Salas, E. (Eds.). (2013). Stress and human performance. Psychology Press. Ford, J. K. (Ed.). (2014). Improving training effectiveness in work organizations. Psychology Press. Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J., Postmes, T., Haslam, C. (2009). Social identity, health and well being: an emerging agenda for applied psychology. Applied Psychology, 58(1), 1-23. Hyde, J. S. (2005). The gender similarities hypothesis. American psychologist, 60(6), 581. Hyde, J. S., Linn, M. C. (1988). Gender differences in verbal ability: A meta-analysis. Psychological bulletin, 104(1), 53. Hyde, J. S., Fennema, E., Lamon, S. J. (1990). Gender differences in mathematics performance: a meta-analysis. Psychological bulletin, 107(2), 139. Minbashian, A., Earl, J., Bright, J. E. (2013). Openness to experience as a predictor of job performance trajectories. Applied Psychology, 62(1), 1-12. Robson, C. (2011). Real world research: a resource for users of social research methods in applied settings. Chichester: Wiley. Rode, J. C., Judge, T. A., Sun, J. M. (2012). Incremental validity of core self-evaluations in the presence of other self-concept traits: An investigation of applied psychology criteria in the United States and China. Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies, 1548051812442964.

Why The Wall Street Bubble Must Burst Essays -

Why The Wall Street Bubble Must Burst? Why the Wall Street Bubble Must Burst? In 1938, and in the teeth of the longest and fiercest depression that the United States had ever known, capital spending hit an all time high. Thats right! In 1938 the men who owned America began to pour millions of Dollars into new plant and equipment as if there was no tomorrow. We dont think much about it today, because it has been a long time since the United States has experienced a real bone jolting economic slowdown. The fact is, however, that the very best time for the industrialist to invest in new technologies is in the middle of a depression. This is because it is at such times that labor, raw materials, and new equipment can be purchased at rock bottom prices. Henry Ford may have jumped the gun a bit. He shut down his River Rouge plant for two years starting in 1932 so that it could be completely rebuilt. Being a bit of a genius, Ford used his time and money to redesign the plant to create one of the most powerful little engines ever built: the Ford V8. This engine was so good that it was modified only slightly to equip certain aircraft for use in World War II. It also powered a series of red hot Ford cars all the way through the 1950s. At the same time that Ford was rebuilding his River Rouge plant, Joseph Alois Schumpeter, an Austrian economist who had migrated to Harvard University, was hard at work on a book that would explain the paradox suggested above, namely the timing of business cycles and technological change. In this all but forgotten work one of our most famous economists spelled out the secrets of the business cycle, that is the same old pattern of boom and bust that may be coming back to haunt us now. Many, if not most, American college students know Schumpeter's name because of his work in defense of free enterprise called Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. This was not, however, the book that Schumpeter was working on as America slogged through the mean and hungry 1930s. The book published by Schumpeter in 1939 is called Business Cycles: A Theoretical, Historical, and Statistical Analysis of the Capitalist Process. Not only is Schumpeter's definitive two volume study of the business cycle not on college reading lists today, but, indeed, it continues to languish in its first edition. The embarrassing truth is that Schumpeter's real masterpiece remains almost unread. The present writer checked out this forgotten work from one of our leading university research libraries to discover that Schumpeter's book had been borrowed only a total of fourteen times in the nearly four decades from June 1961 to the present! There are probably two reasons for this. In the first place, Schumpeter's magnum opus on the business cycle came out on the eve of the Second World War. As the dark clouds of war began to cast their shadow over Europe, Asia, and eventually the United States, economists (and everyone else) clearly had more pressing concerns. Not only that, but it was also clear to Americans that the US Army would soon take care of the problems of excess supply being experienced in the labor market. It was also quite obvious to everyone that the factories were about to start humming again, this time to produce for war. After the conflict, of course, and all the way through the 1970s, it was widely believed that the business cycle had been repealed by means of the clever economic manipulations suggested by the British Lord John Maynard Keynes. College kids in the halcyon 1960s were taught by their professors that the economy was not one of scarcity, but, rather, of endless abundance. The Great Society had arrived. Keynesian economics was in its glory days. This new body of thought and practice was one of the British Empire's last and most influential exports. If Keneysianism had, indeed, hung the business cycle by the neck until dead, then the only decent thing to do was to bury the corpse. Schumpeter's text, unfortunately, was placed alongside the remains of business cycle it its tomb. Some things,

International Business Globalization free essay sample

The shipping costs are much less than it would be to perform these tasks in one country. This is called absolute advantage, where someone is great at one thing. With this in mind you will get a product that has the best resources available at the lowest cost, which is comparative advantage. Finally, specialization is where everyone is doing what they do best and pulling their resources together to make one incredible product. Q-2. Use the theory of comparative advantage to explain the way in which Logitech has configured its global operations. Why does the company manufacture in China and Taiwan, undertake basic Ramp;D in California and Switzerland, design products in Ireland, and coordinate marketing and operations from California? ANSW. Logitech is very brilliant when it comes to comparative advantage. It does basic Ramp;D work in Switzerland with 200 employees, its headquarters are in Fremont, California with 450 employees as well as some Ramp;D, the ergonomic designs are developed in Ireland, and the products are manufactured in Taiwan and China. We will write a custom essay sample on International Business Globalization or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The comparative advantage is that it is the most cost effective to break up the business in many different countries that specialize in a certain job. Q-3. Who creates more value for Logitech, the 650 people it employs in Fremont and Switzerland, or the 4,000 employees at its Chinese factory? What are the implications of this observation for the argument that free trade is beneficial? ANSW. The 650 employees in Fremont, California and Switzerland create more value for Logitech. It is where all of the Ramp;D and designs are developed. The 4,000 employees of China add $3 to the Wanda product, which is almost nothing in comparison to the remaining $37. Free trade is beneficial because labour costs can be brought way down. O-4Why do you think the company decided to shift its corporate headquarters from Switzerland to Fremont? ANSW. America specializes in Ramp;D. The headquarters were moved because of the company’s global marketing, finance, and logistics operations. That is what Americans do best. O-5To what extent can Porter’s diamond help explain the choice of Taiwan as a major manufacturing site for Logitech? ANSWThere are four parts to Porter’s diamond: (1) factor of endowments, which is a nation’s position in factors of production such as skilled labor or the infrastructure necessary to compete in a given industry; (2) demand conditions, which is the nature of home demand for the industry’s product or service; (3) relating and supporting industries, which is the presence or absence of supplier industries and related industries that are internationally competitive; (4) firm strategy, structure, and rivalry, which are the conditions governing how companies are created, organized, and managed and the nature of domestic rivalry. Taiwan’s factor of endowments was that it had a science-based Industrial Park in Hsinchu. The demand conditions were that the Taiwanese were already trained to deal with technology. The relating and supporting industries were that Taiwan was the best as building technology as the lowest cost. The firm strategy, structure, and rivalry were that Taiwan had no domestic rivalry; they provided the lowest cost. Q-6Why do you think China is now a favored location for so much high technology manufacturing activity? How will China’s increasing involvement in global trade help that country? How will it help the world’s developed economies? What potential problems are associated with moving work to China? ANSW Chinese labourers are some of the cheapest in the world. Even though the workers are not treated very well, they are starting to rise up and demand more wages. The increase in foreign trade for China has helped to increase their economy. The world’s developed economies will benefit because of the globalization of production. The potential problems are that Americans are losing jobs to foreign markets. Case 2 Q. what do you think are the economic benefit of liberalizing the EU energy market? Who stands to gain the most from liberalization? The economic benefits of liberalizing the EU energy are followings. First, greater efficiency leads to lower costs and prices, which is improving competitiveness. It is also crucial for companies that are competing in a more global market. As liberalization and the introduction of competition becomes more widespread across Europe this should lead to further efficiency gains, costs reductions and the potential for lower prices. A completely open European market will allow all consumers to benefit from the cheapest available sources of energy and will drive companies’ costs down based on economic scales. Second, it ensures a secure and stable energy supply in Europe. It can stimulate the competition between the energy companies and attracts more investments on the European internal energy network. For instance, when Russia and Ukraine â€Å"show off† their gas line’s time once more, the EU energy market is helpful in reducing Eastern European country energy supply risk such as Bulgarian and Hungary’s shortage of energy. Moreover, it increases the ability to fight with the Russian energy monopoly among their energy companies. In conclusion, competition ensures competitive prices. It is able to balance the issues of competition, energy security and environment protection in the EU energy market. For most industries, energy is essential to the cost base and competitiveness. The European industries compete internationally. Increase in energy costs cannot be transferred to customers without risking reduction in market share. Once EU’s energy market can be established, energy’s cost and the price will be dropped largely. The energy exporting country and the country of consumption will obtain the high income. 2. What are the implications of liberalization for energy producers in the EU? How will the environment they face change after liberalization? What actions will they have to take? ANSW: Implications: Replace the markets of its 27 member states with a single continent wide market for electricity and gas. The majority market shares would be acquired and dominated by a large single enterprise eg: Electric de France. Changes in environment after liberalization: There are a lot of acquisitions and mergers in the energy markets. Politicians and governments try to protect their firms from other competitions with regulations. Bigger firms will try to acquire firms in local country. Actions: Government would impose conditions to stop foreign companies from acquiring local companies. The local authorities would try to protect the local company advantages. 3. Why is the de-integration of large energy companies seen as such an important part of any attempt to liberalize the EU energy market? ANSW: I think that de-integration of the bigger companies will encourage the smaller companies to be more active and permit the market to be fair and equal. It could also increase affordability and dependability of the service by permitting new introduction of new operators within the energy market. Q-4 why do you think progress towards the liberalization of the EU energy market has been fairly slow so far? ANSW. May be this could be relevant For several years now the European Union, the largest regional trading block in the world, has been trying to liberalize its energy market, replacing the markets of its 27 member states with a single continent wide market for electricity and gas. The first phase of liberalization went into effect in June 2007. When fully implemented, the ability of energy producers to sell  electricity and gas across national borders will be improved, increasing competition. The road toward the creation of a single EU energy market, however, has been anything but easy. Many national markets are dominated by a single enterprise, often a former state owned utility. Electricity de France, for example, has an 87 percent share of that countrys electricity market. Injecting competition into such concentrated markets will prove difficult. To complicate matters, most of these utilities are vertically integrated, producing, transmitting, and selling power. These vertically integrated producers have little interest in letting other utilities use their transmission grids to sell power to end users, or in buying power from other producers. For the full benefits of competition to take hold, the EU recognizes that utilities need to be split into generation, transmission, and marketing companies so that the business of selling energy can be separated from the businesses of producing it and transmitting it. Only then, so the thinking goes, will independent power marketing companies be able to buy energy from the cheapest source, whether it is within national borders or else where in the EU, and resell it to consumers, thereby promoting competition. For now, efforts to mandate the disintegration of utilities are some way off. Indeed, in February 2007 national energy ministers from the different EU states rejected a call from the European Commission, the top competition body in the EU, to break apart utilities.

comparitive esssay on the Constitution essays

comparitive esssay on the Constitution essays Hello fellow patriots, I am standing in for my dear friend Samuel Adams. For he has taken ill and cannot be here, so he has sent me in his place. I am here to say whether I agree with the Constitution or the Articles of Confederation. Both of which state very good concepts and ideas. I believe in both. Some of the ideas from the Constitution I believe in and some ideas from The Articles of Confederation. I feel the idea of each state being free but still in union is the same as all of them as one. This to me is senseless. They are of the same concept. I also dislike, about The Articles of Confederation, that you cannot uphold any vessels of war during a time of peace. This is a sign of good trust between the sates and other countries but if another country attacks and you have nothing but a militia how can you defend yourself well? You have no war ships to defend from aquatic attack. You only have a militia and enough men to occupy the forts. This is good in theory but I believe it will not hold up if another country attacks. In Article VI it states No state shall engage in any war without the consent of the united states in congress assembled, unless such state actually invaded by enemies, or shall have received certain advice of a resolution being formed by some nation of Indians to invade such state, and the danger is so imminent as not to admit of a delay, till the united states in congress assembled can be consulted: nor shall any state grand commissions to any ships or vessels of war nor letters of marque or reprisal ... otherwise. This is a good concept. This pleases me because if you wish to go to war but congress can resolve it then it is of no use to go to war at all. This would save many lives both domestic and foreign. The fact that Canada would be brought into this union appeases me. For that it would give the United States more land and more people, along with more resources. ...

Personal Professional Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Personal Professional Development - Essay Example Correspondingly, my linguistic skills have enhanced my abilities to handle the linguistic labours. With enhanced experiences and skills, I am able to handle difficult issues that are likely to arise during my course of operation. My previous experiences gained from different courses in my career and educational life has enhanced my qualities to learn from operations and work with team. Psychometric test enhances the ability to measures my skills and even provides me with a guided framework to identify my major weaknesses. The scores attained from the psychometric tests have assisted in identifying my skill sets and develop the same. Furthermore, the psychometric tests that I have undergone have enhanced my skills to work out my weaknesses and develop my ability to meet with the changing needs of the present professional environment (Jenkins, 2001). The psychometric analysis of the tests I have undergone reflects that I have a high score on the index. This even reflects that I have a greater accuracy towards understanding a problem. The verbal score I have achieved is 97 percentile, which depicts that I have a good communication skill. In addition, the verbal score signifies that I have the ability to communicate effectively as compared to others. With the overall assessments of the different tests, I have identified to possess satisfactory level of innovativeness. I can think critically and develop my abilities to meet with a given problem in an efficient manner. I can even effectively develop an accurate understanding of the different problems by justifying the factors related to the problems witnessed. Furthermore, with an increased ability to efficiently handle and develop well-presented communication ability, I am able to develop a better interpersonal relationship and even prevent situations of conflicts. The added advantage that I have obtained from the test is my literacy rate that is even likely to enhance my ability to cater

Marketing Survey for Gourmet Cupcakes Research Paper

Marketing Survey for Gourmet Cupcakes - Research Paper Example The research report author recommends that the Gourmet Cupcakes Bakery undertakes an expansion strategy into the key markets of Canada, the United Kingdom, Germany, New Zealand, Australia, China, Japan and South Africa. Opportunites exist to position the product as a luxury item in these markets. 4. Introduction The purpose of the following report is to put forward a study that gives quantitative insight into current consumer response toward the product offering, gourmet cupcakes, from the Gourmet Cupcake Bakery. The report intends to identify current and future opportunities for the Gourmet Cupcake Bakery to expand its operations beyond its present location in the United States to an international market. The report also points to a secondary opportunity for the Gourmet Cupcake Bakery to co-brand with specialty food stores in the United States and internationally to build sales and develop a strong brand reputation. To date the Gourmet Cupcake Bakery has focused its operations exclu sively in the United States market. However, international demand for the Gourmet Cupcake Bakery product can be stimulated through a series of strategic partnerships and co-branding initiatives. Key target markets exist in Canada, the United Kingdom, Germany, New Zealand, Australia, China, Japan and South Africa. The report seeks to highlight future opportunities that serve the Gourmet Cupcake Bakery strategic vision. In order to accomplish the stated goals of the project, the research report author employed the web based Qualtrics survey software to create an online survey of consumer responses to the current gourmet cupcake product offerings produced by the Gourmet Cupcake Bakery. The Qualtrics software allowed the research report author to... The report intends to identify current and future opportunities for the Gourmet Cupcake Bakery to expand its operations beyond its present location in the United States to an international market. The report also points to a secondary opportunity for the Gourmet Cupcake Bakery to co-brand with specialty food stores in the United States and internationally to build sales and develop a strong brand reputation. To date the Gourmet Cupcake Bakery has focused its operations exclusively in the United States market. However, international demand for the Gourmet Cupcake Bakery product can be stimulated through a series of strategic partnerships and co-branding initiatives. Key target markets exist in Canada, the United Kingdom, Germany, New Zealand, Australia, China, Japan and South Africa. The report seeks to highlight future opportunities that serve the Gourmet Cupcake Bakery strategic vision. In order to accomplish the stated goals of the project, the research report author employed the w eb based Qualtrics survey software to create an online survey of consumer responses to the current gourmet cupcake product offerings produced by the Gourmet Cupcake Bakery. The Qualtrics software allowed the research report author to perform quantitative statistical analysis, create a survey database and export the results to a simple Excel document for further examination. The result is a comprehensive and thorough analysis of consumer purchasing intention for the product offered by the Gourmet Cupcake Bakery, using its present branding strategy.

The Three Important Benefits That IBM Will Receive From Outsourcing Essay

The Three Important Benefits That IBM Will Receive From Outsourcing Their HR Functions To Fidelity - Essay Example This is called outsourcing. Many large companies now outsource jobs such as call center services, e-mail services, and payroll. These jobs are handled by separate companies that specialize in each of the services by means of contracts. Today more and more companies are resorting to outsourcing. This is attributed mainly to the increased efficiency and cost cuts. Earlier small companies and companies which were newly established would resort to outsourcing, but today even giants like IBM are making use of it. In July 2002, a deal was negotiated between International Business Machines Corp. and Fidelity's Employer Service Co. According to the deal, Fidelity's Employer Services Co. unit was to take over key human-resources functions for 260,000 IBM employees and retirees. Fidelity was to hire 450 of IBM's 1,200 U.S. human-resources employees. Among the jobs Fidelity would handle for IBM were health-plan administration, career services and pension administration. IBM would continue to provide other functions in house, including payroll (Johannes L. and Armstrong D. 2002). According to the article "The benefits of outsourcing for small businesses (n. d)", "Though reducing expenditure is not the prime reason for outsourcing, it is certainly a major factor. Outsourcing converts fixed costs into variable costs and releases capital for investment elsewhere in the business. Outsourcing makes the firm more attractive to investors, since of the ability to pump more capital directly into revenue-producing activities." Though true for small companies, it applies equally well for giants like IBM. In the case of IBM this is exemplified by the fact that the human resource functions of 260,000 workers and retirees have been taken over by Fidelity which has specialization in the field. If the former were to do the same job, it would certainly prove more costly than that of the latter. The funds saved, if invested elsewhere in the company would improve revenues. Also this would make IBM more attractive to investors, as the saved capital can be invested in the revenue generating areas and core fields. Increase in efficiency: As IBM is a research oriented company specializing in manufacturing computers, it has a high research and development expenditure. Fidelity's cost structure and economy of scale can give IBM Corp an important and strategic advantage. This would help in decreasing the labor costs. The success of IBM depends upon short term projects that it undertakes. Hiring and training workers for short-term projects can be very expensive and short term employees don't always live up to the desired expectations (The benefits of outsourcing for small businesses). IBM's deal with fidelity will play a leading role in improving overall efficiency by decreasing labor costs. About 450 workers in IBM Corp.'s Raleigh employee service center will transfer to Fidelity Investments beginning Aug. 1, as part of an agreement that allows Boston-based Fidelity to administer IBM's pension plan, the 12th largest in the United States (450 IBM employees to transfer to Fidelity. July 2002). The transfer of 450 out of 12 00 members in the human resource division would certainly decrease the labor costs by more than one third in that particular division. Also as the number of employees is decreased, it increases the scope for other employees to make their jobs secure. More security means more productivity which in turn means more efficiency. Focus on core businesses. IBM, too, like any other company has

Constant Pressure Calorimeter for Heat Capacity

Constant Pressure Calorimeter for Heat Capacity Kanwarpal Brar Purpose: To calibrate a constant pressure calorimeter and use it to determine the heats of the reaction and dissolution of different reactants and to use these heats of the reactions to find the enthalpy of a reaction by hess’s law. Analysis/ calculations: Determine the heat capacity of the coffee cup, Ccal in j*degC for all three trials and calculate the average value. Provide all these values in your report: provide full calculations only for trial . From table 1 Mass of 1.0 M NaOH solution used = 51.67g Mass of 1.0 M HCl solution used = 50.85g Total mass of final solution = 102.52g Initial temperature of reagents = 21.3 deg C Final temperature after neutralization = 27.8 deg C Heat absorbed by calorimeter q1 = C (heat capacity)*deltaT Heat abrorbed by soluction Q2 = heat capacity (C) *mass of the solution (m)*deltaT Heat released by neutralization reaction, Q3 = heat of reaction (delta H)*moles(n)/1mole In this reaction, Delta T=T2-T1 =27.8degC-21.3degC =6.5degC heat capacity of the solution, C=4.02J/g degC (given) mass of the solution, m = 102.52g heat of the reaction, ΔH = -57.3 KJ (given) = -57300 J HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) > H2O(l) + NaCl(aq) Because HCl and NaCl react 1:1, any one can be used as limiting reagent Molarity of HCl = 1.0 M Volume of HCl = 50.0 ml = 0.0500 L Therefore moles of HCl, n = molarity * volume = 1.0 mol/L * 0.0500 L = 0.0500 mol It is assumed that not heat is lost to surrounding ΔE system = 0 J ΔE system = q1 + q2 + q3 = 0J Q1 = -q2 – q3 C1 * ΔT = -(4.02 J/g degC * 102.52g * 6.5 deg C) – (-57300 J * 0.0500 mol/1 mol) C1 * ΔT = -2678.85 J + 2865 J C1 = 186.15 J/ ΔT C1 = 186.15 J/ 6.5 deg C C1 = 28.64 J/ deg C Trial 1 = 28.64 J/ deg C Trial 2 = 31.09 J/deg C Trial 3 = 29.48 J/deg C Average = 29.73 J/deg C Determine the overall heat of reaction per mole od calcium meatl for the addition of calcium metal. to 1.0 M HCl folloed by the addition of water and b) to water folloed by addition of 1.0 M HCl. In each case, treat the overall reaction as a single process, i.e. instead of determining a delta H value for each step, determine . mass of ca = 0.404 g molar mass of ca = 40.08 g/mol moles of ca, n = mass/molar mass = 0.404 g/ 40.08 g/mol = 0.0100 mol Mass of water used, m = 50.0 g (1ml = 1g) ΔT = Tfinal – Tinitial ΔT = 30.5 – 21.4 deg C = 9.1 deg C ( table 2) Heat of the reaction per mole = -(q of reaction – (Ccal * ΔT))/moles of meatal -(Cwater*m*water*detaT(0*ΔT) /n = -(4.184 J/ degC * 50 * 9.1 degC) /0.0100 mol = -1903.72 J/ 0.0100 mol = -190372 J/mole = -190.372 KJ/mole ΔH = -190.372 KJ/mole b) mass of ca = 0.403g molar mass of ca = 40.08 g/mole moles of ca = mass/ molar mass = 0.400 g/ 40.08 g/mole = 0.00998 mol Mass of water used = 50 g (1ml = 1 g) Temperature difference ΔT = Tfinal – Tinitial ΔT = 30.5 – 20.3 degC = 10.2 degC (table3) Heat of reaction per mole = -q of reaction – (Ccal*ΔT)/mole of metal = -(Cwater*mwater*ΔT-(0*ΔT)/n = -(4.184 J/g degC*50g*10.2 deg)/ 0.00998mole = -2133.84 J/ 0.00998mole = -213811.62 J/mole = -213.81 KJ/mole ΔH = -213.81 KJ/mole Determine deltaEdissolution in J (g salt) for the unknown salt for all three trials and calculate the average value. Provide all of these values in your report, provide full calculation only for trial 1. Unknown salt = C Mass of salt = 4.013g Mass of water = 100g Mass of solution after reaction = 100g + 4.013g = 104.013g ΔT = Tfinal – Tinitial = 27-19.9 degC = 7.1 degC ΔEdissolution = -q of reation = -m*C*ΔT = -4.184 J/g degC*104.013g*7.1 = -3089.85 J ΔEdissolution/g salt = -3089.85 J/4.013g = -769.96 J/g salt Trial 1 = -769.96 J/g salt Trial 2 = -769.87 J/g salt Trial 3 = -754.18 J/g salt Average = -764.67 J/g salt Determine deltaEdissolution in J (g salt) for six salts in table 1. Provide all of these values in your report, provide full calculation only for LiCl. ΔEdissolution = ΔElattice + ΔEcation hydration + ΔEanion hydration ΔEdissolution = 846 KJ/mol + (-506 KJ/mol) + (-377 KJ/mol) from table ΔEdissolution = -37 KJ/mol ΔEdissolution = -37000 J/mol Molar mass of LiCl = 42.39 J/mol ΔEdissolution/ g of salt = ΔEdissolution/ molar mass = -37000 J/mol/ 42.39 g/mol = -873 J/g salt ΔEdissolution for LiCl = -873 J/g salt ΔEdissolution of LiBr = -472 J/g salt ΔEdissolution of NaCl = 51.3 J/g salt ΔEdissolution of NaBr = 0 J/g salt ΔEdissolution of KCl = 228 J/g salt Discussion : In the experiment, a simple constant-pressure, coffee cup calorimeter was calibrated using an acid-base neutralization reaction. the calculated specific heat of calorimeter was then used to determine the heats of reactions and dissolutions of other chemical compounds. A simple constant pressure calorimeter was produced out of two styroform cups. The cups were covered with a plastic lid with a hole in centre. While erformiing the acid-base neutralization reaction, the temperature of both acid and base were measure using PH metre temperature probe. The temperature were about each other. When HCl was added to NaOH no visible change was observed while adding the acid. But the temperature of the soluction was rise after the acid was added. This showed that the reaction between HCl and NaOH was exothermic reaction. after that mass of the final solution was measured. The second objective was to find the heat of the reaction per mole of calcium metal, while following the hess’s law provided in the lab manual. This was done in two different trials. First the calcium metal was added to 50.0 ml of 1.0M HCl and then 50ml of water. When calcium was added to HCl it reacted vigorously creating bubbles. The highest temperature recorded was almost double the initial temperature. When water was added to this solution, no visible change was observed, but temperature was dropped by 10 degC. The overall process was still an exothermic reaction the heat of the reaction was calculated to be -190.372 KJ/mole In the second trial, the calcium was first added to water. This reaction was similar to the first one. Calcium reacted with the water vigorously. The temperature of the solution was increased showing that is was exothermic reaction. when HCl was added to this solution the temperature was dropped by 3.6 degC. Which was less than the first case. The heat of the raction waw calculated to be -213.81 KJ/mole. The closeness o fthe both results can be explained by the fact that heat of the reaction is a state function, and does not depend on the path of the reaction. this also increases the confidence in the result. The final objective of the reaction was to determine the heat of dissociation of the unknown salt, and thus find the unknown salt by comparing the heat of dissotiation to the heat dissolution of possible salts. This unknown salt code C was white powder form. When unknown salt was added to water, temperature raise by 7.1 degC. This reaction showed that this was a exothermic reaction. the average enthalpy of dissolution of the unknown salt C was calculated to be -764.67 J/g. This value of enthalpy of dissolution corresponded to the calculated value of Lithium chloride, LiCl. A number of experiment errors could have affected the data collected, which includes the accuracy and precission of the instruments used environment conditions. The graduated cylinder was used to measure liquids was accurate to only one decimal place, or could only round the value to .0 or to .5. the measuring balance used to weigh had had high accuracy up to three decimal place, dispite that there was difference in the total weigh of the soluction in all three trials. This shows that may be weighing machine was not accurate. it is also possible that when solution was shaked to mix the reactant some of the solution lost or may be was left over on the cover lid. Or into the walls of cups and glass container. While doing the experiment some liquid was spilled that could be that reason for the difference in the weight. The volume of the solution could be measured by burettes or pipetts for higher accuracy. Overall the results of the experiment calculations were really promising and confident based on the fact that they folled the theory of the experiment. Conclusion: A calorimeter was prepared. The heat capacity of calorimeter was calculated to be 29.73 J/deg C. The heat reaction calcium was found to be -190.372 KJ/mole and -213.81 KJ/mole, in the two trials. the unknown salt had -764.67 J/g salt. The unknown salt C was found to be Lithium chloride. Results of this experiment is promissign and confident. References: Olmsted, john 3; Williams, greg; burk Robert c. Chemistry, 1st Canadian ed; john Wiley and sons ltd: Mississauga, Canada, 2012, pp 511-550

Essay on the Deeper Meaning of Pride and Prejudice -- Pride Prejudice

The Deeper Meaning of Pride and Prejudice       While Pride And Prejudice is demonstrably concerned with the subject of love, from Lydia's physical passion for Wickham, through Jane's slightly too patient and undemanding feelings for Bingley, to Elizabeth's final "perfect" match with Darcy, it would be doing the novel and its author a great injustice to assume that it is merely a love story, and has no other purpose or design. The scope of the novel is indeed much wider than a serious interest in who will marry who and who will have the manor that is worth the most money, or even the less shallow subject of women trying, failing, and succeeding at finding their perfect mates on a romantic level. While the investigation of love in its many forms is by no means a completely trivial exercise in and of itself, Pride And Prejudice does not confine itself to that one topic, but while presenting a story that details several love affairs and the variously intelligent, mistaken, and idiotic views of diverse characters towards the subj ect, Jane Austen also gives the reader insight into issues that range from moral questions of pride and lack thereof, to individual and class prejudice, to the expected roles of women eighteenth and nineteenth century society.    "Whether we like it or not, she [Jane Austen] was... a moralist," writes Gilbert Ryle. "...she wrote what and as she wrote partly from a deep interest in some perfectly general, even theoretical questions about human nature and human conduct," (Ryle 106). This concept of Austen as moralist, but "not, however, to say that she was a moralizer," (Ryle 106), is not one of the more common views, especially concerning Pride And Prejudice. The title itself, however, is a direct st... ... examination of social and moral issues, the deft touch of satire and sincerity used in portraying not only Elizabeth, but her time and place, the attitudes toward her and toward people like her, make it a larger work. It may be overall a love story even when taking these into account, if one were to view it as Jane Austen's love affair with the examination of human nature- but on no account can Pride And Prejudice be described as merely a love story; given its scope, it isn't merely anything.    Works Cited Austen, Jane. Pride And Prejudice. London: Penguin, 1972. First published 1813. Ryle, Gilbert. "Jane Austen And The Moralists." Critical Essays On Jane Austen. Ed. B.C. Southam. London:Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1968. Wright, Andrew H. "Feeling and Complexity in Pride and Prejudice." Ed. Donald Gray. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1966. 410-420.

Coursework Draft-Sci-fi Narrative Essay

I’m fed up of my life. Everyday it’s the same routine. I sat in front of my loyal and reliable pc and opened my notorious chat room. It was quarter to ten and I’ve waited for valuable information to electronically crop up. Out of the blue a bizarre message appeared. â€Å"Do you crave for paypal account details?† I read out. This message quenched my desire for priceless details. Quickly I typed and replied hell yeah. A list of words emerged on the colossal liquid crystal display screen. I examined the passage. It was an instruction for a paypal account with à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 250,000 deposited in. The particular participant had written this under the pseudonym Omega. Before starting my money-hungry pursuit I printed the information in a sleek laminated sheet, wore my personalised arsenal top, baggy tracksuit bottoms and my flamboyant air max ltd plus I grabbed a handy USB. As I strolled across Faraday Avenue, I pulled out the information and read it aloud. â€Å"Go to the laboratory in Faraday Avenue.† I scan the industrialised scenery and found the laboratory that fitted in the description. The old decrepit lab seems to contrast with the spanking new surroundings. I entered as silent as a scared, stealthy mouse and switched on the lights. Rats and other rodents scurried away and the room smells like horse manure. I could feel the moisture gradually building up on my light beige-like caramel skin because of the humidity. I read the next instruction clearly and said â€Å"stand in front of the main computer.† I stood patiently and waited for the next instruction. Suddenly the computer displayed countless binary digits scrolling down rapidly as if it was initiating a complex program phase. As fast as the speed of light a bright light materialized and I was teleported. â€Å"Wahhhh†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I uttered, startled. I felt as if I was falling for a few moments, but then I felt stable. Unaware of closing my eyes, I opened them, blinking. â€Å"Hello, I’m Omega.† said a voice. Stood before me was a man dressed in a funny fashion. â€Å"Welcome to cyberspace utopia.† â€Å"Hey!† I shouted. â€Å"Where are the money packed accounts you promised me.† â€Å"You must facilitate me first.† â€Å"What’s the catch chum?† Omega took a deep breath before explaining. â€Å"Delete the master program by using your infamous virus called exterminator V2.90025.† â€Å"Why should I?† I reprimanded. â€Å"This is the program which controls the national grid. The master program or MP was upgraded to version 3.95 and gained artificial intelligence. He will annihilate the national grid and wipe out Great Britain as we know it.† â€Å"Okay,† I said in a sarcastic manner. â€Å"Where do I start?† â€Å"Head towards the control panel, there you will upload the super virus.† he responded. I scrutinized the strange environment to find the control panel. The vibrant and colourful place looked more developed in terms of technology than Earth. Circuit boards are the floor, USB ports and chips are situated everywhere and the shrilling sound of booting could be heard. I soon found a neon sign saying control panel 2 terabytes ahead. Omega threw a miniature capsule at the floor and a gleaming electro-cycle appears out of nowhere. â€Å"Hop in,† he hollered. I approached to touch the glossy exterior before jumping in. Omega started the engine and told me to brace myself. Before I knew it the cycle soars into the distance and stopped in front of a majestic tower. â€Å"Here, take this e-katana and help me delete MP’s minions.† whispered Omega. It was an electric blade with a light handle. Rapidly he stuck a cap on his head and cocked his twin pistols. Swiftly a group of similar people attacked us. I felt an uplifting sensation running through my feeble bones and with just a mighty heave, the swarm of minions were obliterated. Soon after, the next wave chased after us as we dashed towards the MP’s lair. Omega blasted them as if it was a game of space invaders whilst I was plunging my e-katana through several chests. The minions were â€Å"deleted† and we headed cautiously towards a giant door. There was a small console next to the door and I soon began to do what I do best – hacking. The door was soon opened and we continued. It was a dull room with three giant computers. â€Å"Quickly upload the virus.† he said in a drastic tone. While I was uploading the virus on the third computer through my USB a mysterious figure appeared in the room. He was a tall dark man with a ferret like moustache. Omega leaped towards him and cries out hurry. Omega tried his best to stall but he was beheaded by his deadly claws. The virus was uploaded and he screamed in horror. I soon realised who he was†¦

Learn About Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Cyclones

Learn About Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Cyclones A tropical storm is a tropical cyclone with maximum sustained winds of at least 34 knots (39 mph or 63 kph). Tropical storms are given official names once they reach these wind speeds. Beyond 64 knots (74 mph or 119 kph), a tropical storm is called a hurricane, typhoon, or cyclone based on the storm location.   Tropical Cyclones A  tropical cyclone  is a fast-spinning storm system  that has a  low-pressure  center, a closed low-level atmospheric circulation,  strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of  thunderstorms  that produce heavy rain.   Tropical cyclones tend to form over large bodies of fairly warm water, typically oceans or gulfs. They get their energy from the evaporation of  water  from the  ocean  surface, which ultimately  recondenses  into  clouds  and rain when moist air rises and cools to  saturation. Tropical cyclones are typically between 100 and 2,000  kilometers in diameter. Tropical  refers to the geographical origin of these systems, which form almost exclusively over  tropical  seas.  Cyclone  refers to their cyclonic nature, with wind blowing  counterclockwise  in the  Northern Hemisphere  and clockwise in the  Southern Hemisphere. In addition to strong winds and rain, tropical cyclones can create high waves, damaging  storm surge, and  tornadoes. They typically weaken rapidly over land where they are cut off from their primary energy source. For this reason, coastal regions are particularly vulnerable to damage from a tropical cyclone as compared to inland regions. Heavy rains, however, can cause significant flooding inland, and storm surges can produce extensive coastal  flooding  up to 40 kilometers from the coastline.   When They Form Worldwide, tropical cyclone activity peaks in late summer, when the difference between temperatures aloft and sea surface temperatures is the greatest. However, each particular basin has its own seasonal patterns. On a worldwide scale, May is the least active month, while September is the most active month. November is the only month in which all the  tropical cyclone basins  are active. Warnings and Watches A tropical storm warning is an announcement that sustained winds of 34 to 63 knots (39 to 73 mph or 63 to 118 km/hr) are  expected  somewhere within the specified area within 36 hours in association with a  tropical,  subtropical, or  post-tropical  cyclone. A tropical storm watch is an announcement that sustained winds of 34 to 63 knots (39 to 73 mph or 63 to 118 km/hr) are  possible  within the specified area within 48 hours in association with a  tropical,  subtropical, or  post-tropical  cyclone. Naming of Storms Using names to identify tropical storms goes back many years, with systems named after places or things they hit before the formal start of naming. The credit for the first use of personal names for weather systems is generally given to the  Queensland Government  Meteorologist  Clement Wragge  who named systems between 1887-1907. People stopped naming storms after Wragge retired, but it was revived in the latter part of  World War II  for the Western Pacific. Formal naming schemes have subsequently been introduced for the  North and South Atlantic, Eastern, Central, Western and Southern Pacific basins  as well as the  Australian region  and the  Indian Ocean.

Cultural Revolution Long Sixties essays

Cultural Revolution Long Sixties essays How appropriate is the term Cultural Revolution to describe the events of the Long Sixties? Within this essay I will attempt to answer the question how appropriate is the term Cultural Revolution to describe the events of the Long Sixties? The main points within the essay will include examples from religion, history and history of science. It will also attempt to answer other questions such as how Marwick and Hobsbawm came to their conclusion on periodisation for the sixties? Was the sixties strictly contained within a single decade, did it start from 1945 until 1973 or from 1958 to 1973? Hobsbawm and Marwick will have studied primary and secondary sources, such as books, film archives academic papers etc to confirm their theories namely Hobsbawms that the Sixties were part of his Golden Age and Marwicks that a cultural revolution in the sixties did occur. The degree to which they will have been subjective would have to have been absolute to prove that a huge cultural shift took place. The history of the period is easier to investigate and study due to the great techno logical advancements made in the global comms industry; for example the sixties provided a far reaching percentage of the population with access to devices such as television and radio these could at the time and still today are used to provide immediate primary sources. These sources can help the historian significantly as he can watch an historical event unfolding on the actual date and save huge amounts of time with research. This of course assumes that the creators of these tele visual sources have had no hidden agenda or are not swayed toward any particular policies, religious beliefs, the source is not for propaganda purposes and is not exaggerated to such an extent that it turns out to be fiction rather than fact. Advancements arising from the enlightenment period gave us the basis to...

Body building Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Body building - Research Paper Example Studies like that of Probert, Palmer and Leberman (2007) have shown that both male and female competitive bodybuilders take risks with regard to their health. Using a postal survey in New Zealand based bodybuilders, they found that males were â€Å"competitively aggressive† and had more involvement in the use of steroids while females were more at risk of eating disorders (p. 272). It is seen here that even athlete bodybuilders take health risks. However, it should be noted here that this research was based on professional athletes and not the general public. Many other accounts by newspaper reports and health organizations have pointed out that more and more people are involving in unhealthy and risky practices for body building. For example, in the New York Times, the example of David Abusheikh was given. This boy started weightlifting when he was 15 years old for two hours in six days a week (Quenqua, 2012). Since high school, this body added shakes and protein bars to his diet for putting on more muscles. He said to the newspaper that he wanted something that could help him get â€Å"bigger a little faster† (Quenqua, 2012). The paper put forward the crisis that boys are taking unhealthy risks to achieve perfect bodies. In a study, it was found that more than 40% middle school and high school boys took protein supplements and 6% used steroids (Quenqua, 2012). Supplements are not regulated and so it is difficult to know what they have. So when taken in large quantities, these could be harmful. Moreover, anabolic steroids are spe cially dangerous because they stop the synthesis of the testosterone hormone in men which is very bad because it will affect growth. Even online, boys and teenagers get very engrossed in weight lifting regimens and for popularizing well built ripped body images. In a study, Kanayama, Hudson and Pope (2008) to explore the problem of abuse of anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS) by the general

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 101

Essay Example This study goes further and defines performance as the actions of a speaker. Performance is the situation where a speaker is able to convey information through actions. In Brown’s report, competence has been referred to as i-language, which is the language in the brain. This is similar to the earlier definition of competence. Bloom also defines performance as e-language. This refers to language that is externalized. According to the three perspectives, performance is the actual saying of a word or a sentence. This is the sound that is articulated and made. Competence is the ability of a speaker to produce a word or a sentence. It is what is known about a word or a sentence. Linguistics has been described as the science that study language. This is because Linguists carry out experiments to obtain results that act as a basis for the various conclusions made about different aspects of language. The difference between descriptive and prescriptive approaches to language has also been brought out clearly. We see that the descriptive strategy normally has its basis on the past. It makes conclusions about a certain language depending on past state of issues. On the other hand the prescriptive strategy puts all factors into consideration while analyzing various criteria. The prescriptive strategy takes the second best option in choosing the strategy that could be applied realistically. A synchronic view to linguistics has been explained as a view that analyses a linguistic phenomenon at a given time (Aitchison,j.1992). On the other hand, diachronic analysis considers a certain phenomenon in terms of changes that have taken place over a given time duration. These definitions appear to be almost similar in the three cases that have been

Ugly renaissance babies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ugly renaissance babies - Essay Example In renaissance, painters gave careful consideration to muscles, fat, plurals, than excellence. Furthermore the style got popular to a considerable measure of painters. While painting infants they attempted to make nitty gritty look so when somebody paints skin plurals on children they look like old ones, I mean painters demonstrated their system on skin subtle elements. In the event that you take a gander at infants face they have a few plurals of fat on their skin, yet in genuine they are not exceptionally detectable and we see immaculate skin yet in the event that we look closer and attempt to draw all that subtle elements on paper it will look monstrous. So cute face need to be drawn obviously and painstakingly, and I dont intend to say that renaissance painters are not experts, I cherish the greater part of them. Be that as it may that was their style. Renaissance children were not generally expected to be practical. Renaissance craftsmanship is about religious imagery. The figures are intended to be rousing and common; the congregation was about holding social order under control, and utilizing symbolization to bond the enormity of god, and the congregation, in individuals personalities. The ability and expertise still beams through years after the fact in Old Master artworks, yet the Renaissance craftsmen more than once did something that we dither at today. They painted kids like scaled down old men. This was presumably because of the way that the idea of youth is a moderately late pattern ever, however in some fifteenth and sixteenth century meets expectations, it would appear that the painter never looked at a child. I think that great number of the Renaissance Babies are not particularly missed formed they are simply merciless accurate to-life. Maybe we want individuals, babies, in sketches to look a bit "upgraded." Well the Renaissance craftsmen clearly finished not. I think they were simply

Basic Electronics Essay Example for Free

Basic Electronics Essay The p-n junction is a homojunction between a p-type and an n-type semiconductor. It acts as a diode, which can serve in electronics as a rectifier, logic gate, voltage regulator (Zener diode), switching or tuner (varactor diode); and in optoelectronics as a light-emitting diode (LED), laser diode, photodetector, or solar cell. In a relatively simplified view of semiconductor materials, we can envision a semiconductor as having two types of charge carriers-holes and free electrons which travel in opposite directions when the semiconductor is subject to an external electric field, giving rise to a net flow of current in the direction of the electric field. Figure 1 illustrates the concept. A p-n junction consists of a p-type and n-type section of the same semiconductor materials in metallurgical contact. The p-type region has an abundance of holes (majority carriers) and a few mobile electrons (minority carriers); the n-type region has an abundance of mobile electrons and a few holes (Fig. 2). Both charge carriers are in continuous random thermal motion in all directions. Fig. 2. Energy levels and carrier concentrations for a p-type and n-type semiconductor before contact. 1 When a section of p-type material and a section of n-type material are brought in contact to form a pn junction, a number of interesting properties arise. The pn junction forms the basis of the semiconductor diode. Electrons and holes diffuse from areas of high concentration toward areas of low concentration. Thus, electrons diffuse from the n-region to the p-region. , leaving behind positively charged ionized donor atoms. In the p-region the electrons recombine with the abundant holes. Similarly, holes diffuse from the p-region into the n-region, leaving behind negatively charged ionized acceptor atoms. In the n-region the holes recombine with the abundant mobile electrons. This diffusion process does not continue indefinitely, however, because it causes a disruption of the charge balance in the two regions. As a result, a narrow region on both sides of the junction becomes nearly depleted of the mobile charge carriers. This region is called the depletion layer. It contains only the fixed charges (positive ions on the n-side and negative ions on the p-side). The thickness of the depletion layer in each region is inversely proportional to the concentration of dopants in the region. The net effect is that, the depletion region sees a separation of charge, giving rise to an electric field pointing from the n side to the p side. The fixed charges create an electric field in the depletion layer that points from the n-side towards the p-side of the junction. The charge separation therefore causes a contact potential (also known as built-in potential) to exist at the junction. This built-in field obstructs the diffusion of further mobile carriers through the junction region. An equilibrium condition is established that results in a net contact potential difference Vo between the two sides of the depletion layer, with the n-side exhibiting a higher potential than the p-side. This contact potential is typically on the order of a few tenths of a volt and depends on the material (about 0. 5 to 0. 7 V for silicon). The built-in potential provides a lower potential energy for an electron on the n-side relative to the p-side. As a result, the energy bands bend as shown in Fig. 3. In thermal equilibrium there is only a single Fermi function for the entire structure so that the Fermi levels in the p- and the n-regions must align. No net current flows across the junction. The currents associated with the diffusion and built-in field (drift current) cancel for both the electrons and holes. Fig. 3. A p-n junction in the Thermal equilibrium at T gt; 0? K. The depletion-layer, energy-band diagram, and concentrations (on a logarithmic scale) of the mobile electrons n(x) and holes p(x) are shown as a functions of the position x. The built-in potential difference V corresponds to the energy eV where e is the electron charge. 0 0 2 The Biased p-n Junction An externally applied potential will alter the potential difference between the p- and n-regions. This in turn will modify the flow of majority carriers, so that the junction can be used as a â€Å"gate†. If the junction is forward biased by applying a positive voltage V to the p-region (Fig. 4), its potential is increased with respect to the n-region, so that an electric field is produced in a direction opposite to that of the built-in field. The presence of the external bias voltage causes a departure from equilibrium and a misalignment of the Fermi levels in the p- and n-regions, as well as in the depletion layer. The presence of the two Fermi levels in the depletion layer, Efc and Efv represents a state of quasi-equilibrium. Fig. 4. Energy band diagram and carrier concentrations for a forward-biased p-n junction. In effect, then, if one were to connect the two terminals of the p-n junction to form a closed circuit, two currents would be present. First, a small current, called reverse saturation current, is, exists because of the presence of the contact potential and the associated electric field. In addition, it also happens that holes and free electrons with sufficient thermal energy can cross the junction. This current across the junction flows opposite to the reverse saturation current and is called diffusion current. Of course, if a hole from the p side enters, it is quite likely that it will quickly recombine with one of the n-type carriers on the n side. (Fig. 4) The net effect of the forward bias is to reduce the height of the potential-energy hill by an amount eV. The majority carrier current turns out to increase by an exponential factor exp(eV/kT). So that the net current becomes i = isexp(eV/kT) – is, where is is nearly a constant. The excess majority carrier holes and electrons that enter the n and p regions, respectively, become minority carriers and recombine with the local majority carriers. To explain the mechanism of reverse conduction, one needs to visualize the phenomenon of avalanche breakdown. When a very large negative bias is applied to the p-n junction, sufficient energy is imparted to charge carriers that reverse current can flow, well beyond the normal reverse, saturation current. In addition, because of the large electric field, electrons are energized to such levels that if they collide with other charge carriers at a lower energy level, some of their energy is transferred to the carriers with low energy, 4 and these can now contribute to the reverse conduction process, as well. This process is called impact ionization. Now, these new carriers may also have enough energy to energize other lowenergy electrons by impact ionization, so that once a sufficiently high reverse bias is provided, this process of conduction takes place very much like an avalanche: a single electron can ionize several others. Fig. 6. The reverse breakdown region The phenomenon of Zener breakdown is related to avalanche breakdown. It is usually achieved by means of heavily doped regions in the neighbourhood of the metal-semiconductor junction (the ohmic contact) . The high density of charge carriers provides the means for a substantial reverse breakdown current to be sustained at a much lower specific voltage than normal diode, at a nearly constant reverse bias known as the Zener voltage, Vz. This phenomenon is very useful in applications where one would like to hold some load voltage constant for example, in voltage regulators. The response time of a p-n junction to a dynamic (ac) applied voltage is determined by solving the set of differential equations governing the processes of electrons and hole diffusion, drift (under the influence of the built-in and external electric fields), and recombination. These effects are important for determining the speed at which the diode can be operated. They may be conveniently modeled by two capacitances, a junction capacitance and diffusion capacitance, in parallel with an ideal diode. The junction capacitance for the time necessary to change the fixed positive and negative charges stored in the depletion layer when the applied voltage changes. The thickness l of the depletion layer turns out to be proportional to v(Vo-V); it therefore increases under the reverse-bias conditions (negative V) and decreases under the forward-bias conditions (positive V). The junction capacitance C=?A/l (where A is the area of the junction) is therefore inversely proportional to v(VoV). The junction capacitance of a reverse-biased diode is smaller (and the RC response time is therefore shorter) than that of a forward-biased diode. The dependence of C on V is used to make voltage-variable capacitors (varactors). 5 Experiment l(a) : i-v characteristics of a semiconductor diode Procedure Connect the diode according to the circuit diagram as shown in Fig. 8. Fig 8 Vary the voltage V on the power supply between 0-30V. Alternately, the second concept is that the blocking action of an inductor stops the a. c. portion while the d. c. portion passes without much attenuation. Note: For filtering, large capacitance (hundreds to tens of hundreds microfarad) is needed. These are generally electrolytic capacitors, which consist of a repeating sandwich of aluminum sheets and a conducting paste, rolled into a cylinder for miminmun size. The aluminum sheets are polarized to form thin layers of aluminum oxide, a dielectric insulating material. The thinner the the dielectric the higher the capacitance will be.

Linda Pastans Poem Ethics :: Pastan Ethics

Linda Pastan's poem "Ethics" In Linda Pastan's poem "Ethics," the speaker recounts a moral dilemma that her teacher would ask every fall, which has been haunting her for a long time. The question was "if there were a fire in a museum / which would you save, a Rembrandt painting / or an old woman who hadn't many / years left anyhow?" and the speaker tells us through the theme that ethics and moral values can be only learned from the reflection which comes through experience and maturity. In this poem, imagery, diction, and figures of speech contribute to the development of the theme. The speaker in the poem uses images to help to support the theme. For example the statement that "sometimes the woman borrowed my grandmother's face" displays the inability of the children to relate the dilemma to themselves, something that the speaker has learned later on with time and experience. In this poem, the speaker is an old woman, and she places a high emphasis on the burden of years from which she speaks by saying "old woman, / or nearly so, myself." "I know now that woman / and painting and season are almost one / and all beyond saving by children." clearly states that the poem is not written for the amusement of children but somebody that has reached the speaker's age, thus supporting the idea of the theme that children cannot help or understand her or anybody of her age. In addition, when the speakers describes the kids in the classroom as "restless on hard chairs" and "caring little for picture or old age" we can picture them in our minds sit ting, ready to leave the class as soon as possible, unwilling and unable to understand the ethics dilemma or what the speaker is feeling. The choice of words of the author also contributes to the development of the theme. For example, the use of words like "drafty," "half-heartedly," and "half-imagined" give the reader the idea of how faintly the dilemma was perceived and understood by the children, thus adding to the idea that the children cannot understand the burden the speaker has upon herself. In addition, referring to a Rembrandt as just a "picture" and to the woman as "old age," we can see that these two symbols, which are very important to the speaker and to the poem, are considered trivial by the children, thus contributing to the concept that the children cannot feel what the speaker is feeling.

Causes of high unemployment in Zimbabwe Essay

Introduction: The unemployment rate is the proportion of the economically active population that is unemployed and actively looking for employment. In 1990, Zimbabwe embarked on a programme of Economic Reforms popularly known as Economic Structural Adjustment Programme (ESAP) and 1991-1992 saw one of the worst droughts. With close to 70% of the population living in the rural areas (CSO 1992) and dependent on agriculture for their livelihood, this constituted a major disaster. One result of these events was increased migration to the urban areas by people in search of employment. A further drought in 1995-1996 compounded the effect. Worsening economic conditions plus ever increasing corruption and crime have been the norm since 1995. Unemployment is currently soaring and the current rate stands at 70%. This has been from retrenchments, business closures e.t.c. According to EMCOZ survey, about 6000 jobs in the different sectors of the economy were lost by the end of 2001. The figure for 2002 was much higher as a result of the worsening business environment as the government fails to create opportunities to stimulate industrial expansion. Causes of Unemployment Unemployment is Zimbabwe has been caused by quite a number of factors. Most of these are mainly because of political reasons. The following are some of the factors that are causing unemployment: Sluggish investment and growth Weak export performance Poor macroeconomic policy environment The investment/business climate is unfriendly Population growth rate/age structure The growth path – reliance on primary products – is suboptimal Geography (proximity to South Africa, no direct access to the sea) Tertiary Education These are now explained below: Sluggish investment and growth The investment and growth of the Zimbabwe Economy has been shrinking of late. This has had a significant impact on the Zimbabwean companies. In the past 3 years, over 500 companies closed operations because of prohibitive operational conditions characterized by high input costs, hard currency shortages, high levels of interest rates, inflationary levels as well as the uncompetitive export market. Both the company and the government has been failing to effectively invest and thereby slowing growth. As a result, this has resulted in massive unemployment. Weak export performance Usually governments and exporters worry most about the foreign elasticity of demand for the exports. But in Zimbabwe today the most important is undoubtedly the domestic elasticity of supply of exports. This is reflected in the export volume numbers. In 2003, tobacco prices are still virtually unchanged from last year and higher than in previous years, but volumes are down by two-thirds. This then means that if we have very few goods that we are exporting, no we end up having a weak generation of foreign currency which we direly need for all our imports. This has significantly impacted on most organizations who eventually resort to the black market for the foreign currency. Poor macroeconomic policy environment The role of monetary policy is crucial because macroeconomic policy affects  the REAL economy, largely through the credit and capital markets. At the start of the 21st century monetary policy is the most powerful weapon that governments have at their disposal. Monetary policy influences interest rates (directly) and exchange rates (indirectly). It also influences investment, and thereby economic growth and employment. It has major implications for the financial markets – bonds and equities And today, its most important role is that of ensuring price stability. All this seem to have been ignored in the Zimbabwean scenario, where the macroeconomic policies are arm twisted just for the sake of political expediency. As a result, many sectors have been affected, and no jobs were created and thus an increase in unemployment. The investment/business climate is unfriendly The more profitable and attractive the business investment climate, the more firms will want to raise new money to expand and the more they will issue bonds. During a business boom or upswing the supply of bonds rises. The investment climate in Zimbabwe is not sufficiently favorable to attract the type of Foreign Direct Investment needed to transform exports. There are so many regulations concerning capital repatriation and profit/dividend remittability. This discourages investment and hence at the same time increasing unemployment. Population growth rate and age structure The population in Zimbabwe has been increasing at a decreasing rate, but the fact that the population is increasing without a complimentary increase in job opportunities, this therefore means all the job candidates are jobless. The growth path – reliance on primary products – is suboptimal Zimbabwe has been relying mostly on the products which are just primary. Such dependence has had no joy being found for the thousands of youths in Zimbabwe who are looking for jobs. Geography (proximity to South Africa, no direct access to the sea) Zimbabwe is a landlocked country and has been relying mostly on its neighbours namely South Africa and Mozambique. This has placed the country in a state of disadvantage hence the employment creation rate going down. Tertiary Education A number of tertiary colleges have sprung up in Zimbabwe, and yet the existing infrastructure is unable to absorb the swelling numbers of youths seeking training opportunities. There is also a high mismatch of skills acquired from training on one hand and the labour market opportunities on the other has led to increased job seekers. Seriousness of the problem: The issue of unemployment in Zimbabwe has reached such alarming levels which have brought discontent among the citizens of the country. This has been evidenced by the massive increases in the crime rates and other issues which include prostitution. This whole lot is as a result of a number of job seekers who are on the market failing to secure anything. Effects of Land Resettlement and HIV-AIDS on unemployment HIV and AIDS has been much talked about and discussed in Zimbabwe. This deadly incurable disease and virus has brought about much untold suffering and orphans. This also means that the number of job seekers flowing into the market will fall sharply. This might be a blessing in disguise in that it will provide a partial solution, but it will also highly likely slow the growth rate of the economy and thereby the rate of job generation. The issue about the effect of HIV-AIDS is two fold as it erodes both the employed and the unemployed. In the long run, there might end up there being very few numbers seeking for employment. The high levels of people who are  joining the job market make this a good pessimism. The massive land reform initiated by so-called war vets and the government produces more losers than winners. More than half a million farm workers have already lost their jobs and source of income, without gaining any of the redistributed land. Those displaced from the farms have found themselves on the job market. This then means that instead of solving a problem, the government has created more problems for itself. The problem with that is that this produces a chain of other problems interrelated to the farming business. On another note, if the land resettlement programme was well managed, this could bring a partial solution to the problem. This could temporarily create self-sustaining jobs for the rural community. The only problem is that the government in principle banned all commercial agriculture and villagised the whole country into small villages. This can never be a lasting solution to the unemployment problems as agriculture’s share of total employment falls as economies develop. Thus in the long run, this ceases to be a solution. Many hopes are on the informal sector which people say could expand given enough resources and incentives. Unfortunately, unemployment has risen far beyond the capacity of formal sector establishment while employment in the informal sector has grown phenomenally. Others, however, argue that expansion of the informal sector would generate new and equally serious economic problems – destroying the viability of formal sector operations, worsening crime levels, and devastating the environment, negatively affect national health programmes and affect state revenue inflows. Those in the informal sector remain an economic burden for the country because their incomes cannot meet basic needs and that most, if not all, operators subsist below the poverty datum line. It is a pre-requisite for employment creation in Zimbabwe to be enhanced by mobilisation of resources in capital markets through an unprecedented improvement of savings as a percentage of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP)  to around 25 percent so that funds would be invested and hence forth job creation. But to achieve this, the country should offer competitive investment incentives such as consistently low inflation and interest rates, stable foreign exchange rates, minimum state controls, low taxation and a politically stable environment. Improvement of conditions of services in the sector could be sustainable because of low wages, and there is need to realise that the economy could be stimulated through the rural sector, small scale and medium enterprises or large corporations. Conclusion All the stake holders, citizens and the government must all be actively involved the reduction of unemployment. Without this combined effort and commitment, unemployment is likely to continue rising since the economic conditions are worsening and it is becoming more difficult for the companies that had survived before to continue surviving. If things are left unattended to as they at the moment, unemployment will grow to be a self created time-bomb for the government and will eventually build enough pressure in it to force it to explode.